![]() ![]() ![]() Weber’s definition of statehood appears to be based upon or at least tolerant of legal positivism. The important point of departure between Weber’s and Anglo-American contract based conceptions of sovereignty is the foundation of individuals’ rights. It therefore seems impossible to assert that acts of state cannot be acts of terrorism on the basis of Weber’s conception of sovereignty his definition simply doesn’t address the issue of terrorism, state or otherwise.Ĭontrasting Weber’s explicit definition of state sovereignty to implicit Anglo-American ideas is helpful in this context. Accepting Weber’s assertion that states have a monopoly on legitimate violence does not mean all violence the state undertakes is legitimate – if leaders use violence in violation of the laws or customs of that society then the people cannot be presumed to consent to it, providing both normative and practical difficulties. What is crucial here is that according to Weber law and custom circumscribe what the state, run by consented-to charismatic leaders, may legitimately do. Locating legitimacy in custom, rule by consented-to leaders and the law, Weber closes his definition of the state by observing that the (now legitimated) ends of society can only be realised through the use of a (now legitimised) monopoly on violence – hence his definition of the state. In Politics as a Vocation, Weber defines his conception of the state as a prelude to the bulk of the lecture (largely concerned with the character and desired characteristics of political systems and politicians.) Choosing to define a state by its means as opposed to its ends, Weber approvingly quotes Trotsky’s observation that “every State is based on force.” However, force is not enough Weber argues that it must (as much for pragmatic as normative reasons) be seen to be legitimate. The second will argue that the Anglo-American contract-based conceptions of sovereignty implicitly contest Weber’s, and that neither conception rules out the possibility of state terrorism. The first will accept the accuracy and normative desirability of Weber’s conception of sovereignty while highlighting the scope for illegitimate state violence within this conception. The idea that Weber’s conception of a sovereign state does not preclude the idea of state terrorism will be taken up in two areas. Finally, it will be suggested that while only the most extreme and systemic examples of a state abusing its power could properly be called state terrorism, the concept is not a contradiction in terms when derived from dominant conceptions of sovereignty. Next, two categories of (potential) state terrorism – terror bombing campaigns during the Second World War and revolutionary violence during the consolidation of the French revolution – will be examined as test cases to see if a history-based arguments support the case for state terrorism. To begin with, it will be suggested that neither Weber’s nor a competing conception of sovereignty preclude the possibility of acts of state also being acts of terrorism. A more critical reading, however, reveals several problems with these conceptions. ![]() If we accept these conceptions of sovereignty and terrorism, a reasonable though uncritical reading would suggest that the concept of state terrorism is a contradiction in terms and that the use of violence by a non-state actor cannot but be terrorism. ![]() The central elements (politically motivated violence against non-combatants by non-state actors), for example, would probably be acceptable to the permanent five members of the UN Security Council. The German sociologist Max Weber claimed “the state is the form of human community that (successfully) lays claim to the monopoly on legitimate physical violence.” This is essentially a statement about state sovereignty Weber’s definition is hugely influential and has bordered on orthodoxy ever since he suggested it.Ī similarly orthodox conception of terrorism is “ premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatanttargets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” Despite the problem of finding an internationally agreed definition of terrorism, this formulation is relatively uncontroversial. How can the actions of states be described as terrorism, given state monopolies on the legitimate use of violence? ![]()
0 Comments
![]() ![]() Why Shattered Shackle Is Great for Upgrading: You won’t have Boons for every ability you possess right from the start, so having a Keepsake to boost your base abilities is a worthy investment. ![]() Your Attack, Special, and Cast each deal up to 100% bonus damage while not empowered by a Boon.īoons take time to come by, and good Boons take longer. A maximum of one urn per room can contain a healing item. You can get coins from them, but sometimes you need that tiny Health boost, too. Breaking urns is easy, and you will probably destroy most urns in the room while fighting. ![]() This Keepsake would not give you the most Health – that’s why it’s at the bottom of this list – but it is much, much better than nothing. Equip any Life Total buffs you can get.Why Harpy Feather Duster Is Great for Upgrading: That’s where Harpy Feather Duster becomes useful. Eventually, you will be able to fairly easily clear it without taking any damage, but there is always a chance a stray explosion or an inconveniently located trap will shear a couple of points from your Life Total. As you will learn after a few runs, Tartarus is the easiest level of the game. This is a good Keepsake for having in Tartarus. That’s why maintaining your Life Total is important. You have one escape attempt: you die, you go back to square one and climb your way back up from the literal pits of hell. Isn't it a nice accessory to carry around Hell?īroken urns have an up to 6% chance to contain healing items. Since all godly Keepsakes have the same effect, I have selected the 10 best Keepsakes to upgrade from other characters. The only exception to this is Hades, but I will talk about his Keepsake later. When their Keepsake is equipped, the next Boon you find will be from them, and their blessings have up to 20% more chance to be Rare or better. You can receive a Keepsake from each god. You need to have the Keepsake equipped for 25 encounters to upgrade it to the second rank, and for 50 additional encounters to upgrade it to the third rank. For that, you need to purchase the regional keepsake collection from the House Contractor.Įach Keepsake can be upgraded twice. Once you equip a Keepsake, you cannot remove it, but you can exchange it mid-run after defeating the final boss of each area. Each Keepsake gives you a benefit for your run, and you can only equip one per escape attempt. Keepsakes are items you can get from other characters in the game by giving them a Nectar for the first time. ![]() ![]() The Final Shape Exotics include Tessellation, an energy fusion rifle that adapts to your current subclass. (Between this healing auto rifle and the new subclass, Bungie said in the post-show that it's actively making a point to make Well of Radiance feel less required in endgame content.) A literal support frame auto rifle will let you heal teammates by shooting them, while the new rocket pistol sidearms will let you support your team by making enemies explode. New weapon sub-families are also leaning into Destiny 2's support role. A new Aspect lets you consume your grenade to create a frontal shield which charges up as it absorbs damage, then releases that energy as an AoE Void blast. This is a direct response to the wealth of "I roam, I melee" Supers that Titans have, Blackburn says, so this is a one-off ranged Super with added melee follow-up utility. ![]() Void Titan - throw three Void axes that pull in enemies and explode, then persist in the environment for you and allies to pick them up and wield them as melee weapons.It also functions as another jump, which is mighty exciting. A new aspect lets you use your Arc staff to hover mid-air, granting Amplify to yourself and nearby allies. Bungie says it's trying to be careful about this becoming potentially the most oppressive Super in PvP history. Arc Hunter - throw an arc knife and teleport to it to deliver an AoE slash attack, then do it two more times.Game director Joe Blackburn described it as a "DPS machine" with "high" damage boosts to the whole team. A new Rift Aspect summons a little Solar buddy that scorches enemies. While you're in this Super, allies also receive Solar buffs. Melees fire extra projectiles, and grenades become sentient little sprites that seek out enemies. Solar Warlock - a callback to Destiny 1's Radiance, this first-person Super buffs your melee and grenade with new behavior and quick ability regeneration.Here's a quick summary of the new powers. The Final Shape will not introduce a new subclass, but three new Light Supers have been announced, all with a focus on supporting allies. ![]() This will let new and veteran players revisit key moments from Destiny 2's long timeline, like Cayde's Last Stand in Forsaken and Savathun's rise in The Witch Queen, through playable missions with added narrative context. In a similar vein, a story crash course called Timeline Reflections is coming today. ![]() ![]() New machines run with lower unplanned downtime too, leading to an overall equipment efficiency gain of anywhere up to five percent. And because it accepts molds from just about every manufacturer, cycle time improvements, sometimes as great as three seconds and often more than one second, are achievable with all existing tooling. The XFORM Gen4 has a lock-to-lock time of just 2.3 seconds. Higher productivityĪ new machine can produce significantly more preforms over any given period than a machine that is just a few years old. That could be half the amount your current machine is using, and quite easily 20% less. ![]() Consumption of under 200 Wh for every kg of PET processed is typical. SIPA’s XFORM Gen4 has the lowest energy consumption of any preform production system on the market today. So an investment in a new preform injection molding system that saves as much energy as possible makes a lot of sense. ![]() This trend will continue in any case, as energy from non-renewables is gradually replaced by energy from sustainable sources, where major CAPEX investments are required, even while the new technologies have low OPEX. And while recent sharp increases in electricity prices brought about by restrictions in gas supply from Russia will, hopefully, be a short-lived phenomenon, the underlying trend is up. Here are just a few things to consider in more detail. The list goes on, but it all boils down to this: are the short-term savings I make by not investing outweighed by the medium and long-term losses in product quality, total cost-efficiency, and profit? How much effect is wear and tear having on up-time? Can my old machine take full advantage of latest developments in preform design technologies? How does its energy efficiency compare with the latest machines? Can I still get spare parts for my old machine? Could I possibly use a smaller machine with the same molds? How much can I offset its second-hand value against the price of a new machine? Could a different supplier offer me technical service that is as good as, or even better than what I get now? What about finance packages? Will all the molds I have now still be able to run on a new machine, especially if I change brands? But after a few years, some important questions need to be asked. So to stay ahead of the competition, maintain (and hopefully improve) profits, preform producers need to be aware of all the opportunities to improve their assets, and consider when the right moment is to make the next leap forward in capital expenditure, CAPEX.Ī PET preform injection molding system represents a significant investment, so obviously the owner wants to get the most out of it. GEA is listed in the German MDAX and the STOXX® Europe 600 Index and is also among the companies comprising the DAX 50 ESG and MSCI Global Sustainability and the Dow Jones Sustainability Europe Indices.Each new generation of injection molding equipment will bring such costs down, sometimes significantly. In doing so, GEA makes a key contribution toward a sustainable future, in line with the company’s purpose: "Engineering for a better world". They contribute significantly to the reduction of CO2 emissions, plastic usage, and food waste. GEA plants, processes, components, and services enhance the efficiency and sustainability of production processes across the globe. With more than 18,000 employees working across five divisions and 62 countries, the group generated revenues of more than EUR 5.1 billion in fiscal year 2022. ![]() The international technology group, founded in 1881, focuses on machinery and plants, as well as advanced process technology, components, and comprehensive services. GEA is one of the world's largest suppliers of systems and components to the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. ![]() ![]() Change the colour on your thumbs-up emoji This works with whatever emoji you have selected for the chat. If you tap that button, you'll send a quick thumbs-up to your friend, but if you hold down on it before releasing, you'll enlarge the thumbs-up and can send that instead. Open a chat with a friend, and then hit the thumbs-up button in the toolbar above the text field. Your friend will get a message asking them to play. From there, long-press on the emoji to open up a new screen where you can shoot hoops. Open a chat with a friend, then find and send them a basketball emoji from your keyboard. Anyway, say what you're too lazy to type, and then lift your finger to automatically send it to the chat. Once you start a message, it'll send when you stop holding the microphone, but you can drag it away to delete it. To send a voice message, simply tap and hold the microphone to the left of the text field on your chat. Sometimes it's just easier to say something rather than typing it up. Tap the nickname, colour, or emoji options to customise the look and theme of the chat. Open a chat with a friend or group, then tap the "i" button at the top of the chat, and you'll see a list of options like mute notifications for a set period, add a nickname, select a colour or emoji for the conversation, and add more people. Open a chat with a friend or group, then tap the name at the top of the chat, and you'll see a list of options that let you do things like mute notifications for a set period of time, add a nickname, select a colour or emoji for the conversation, and add more people. All your friends in the chat will see the new photo. You can then change the photo for the group chat to whatever you want. Open a group chat, then tap the "i" button at the top of the chat, and select the Extra Settings button (three vertical dots) button at the top. You can then change the photo of the group chat by taking a new picture or adding a photo from your camera roll. Open a group chat, then tap the names at the top of the chat, and select the names at the top again. All your friends in the chat will see the new name. You can then change the name of the group chat to whatever you want. Open a group chat, then tap the "i" button at the top of the chat, and select the names at the top. ![]() Open a group chat, then tap the names at the top of the chat, and select the names at the top. ![]() ![]() ![]() "Hamas by its actions has set back the peace that so many of us are desperate to see in the Middle East." Israel has been attacked by terrorists, it has every right to defend itself, to get the hostages back and to defend its citizens. She said: "It is appalling the scenes that we're seeing from Israel. Shadow chancellor Rachel Reeves today said that the Labour Party "stand by the people of Israel" in the wake of attacks by Hamas militants. The Supreme Court hearing in London, before Lords Reed, Hodge, Lloyd-Jones, Briggs and Sales, is due to begin at 10.30am. While Sir Geoffrey Vos and Lord Justice Underhill concluded there were "deficiencies" in the Rwandan asylum system and ruled the policy was unlawful, former lord chief justice Lord Burnett disagreed and said he would dismiss the challenge.Īs well as the Home Office's bid to overturn the decision, several individual asylum seekers are set to challenge aspects of the ruling. In a three-day hearing, the UK's highest court will hear arguments over whether appeal judges were right to find there was a "real risk" asylum seekers could be returned to their home country and face persecution when they may have a good asylum claim. The Home Office is launching a challenge after the Court of Appeal ruled in June that the deal - which would see asylum seekers deported to the east African nation - was unlawful. A legal battle over the government's controversial Rwanda deportation scheme will kick off in the Supreme Court later today. ![]() ![]() Here’s the requisite Amazon link which won’t cost you anything extra to use, but which helps us to keep the site going. No creaking like you get on the old canvas ones. If you need a cot, this is the most comfortable one I’ve owned and is completely silent. This cot leaves plenty of space underneath for storage, and room to the sides to get dressed while sitting on the cot. ![]() Instead, for my temporary “Phase 1” project, I selected a Coleman cot. Keep in mind that you want to build your bed platform higher than this bracket (or use it as a brace, hint, hint) The rear seat bracket sticks in about 2 inches, which would not be healthy for an air mattress. Even with a platform, it uses up the vertical space, being so thick.Twin air mattressīut I wouldn’t use an air mattress, even temporarily because: This is a twin-sized mattress and you could actually get by doing a short trip this way. I wouldn’t do this, but it shows you how much space there is. So to give you an idea of what is possible, let me toss a twin air mattress in the back. Your body gets narrower toward your feet, so it makes sense to have your legs at the rear of the van, where it’s narrower. I travel solo, but if you are a van-dwelling or micro-camping couple, I’d suggest building your bed platform so your shoulders can be between the sliding doors. This is one of the reasons I chose a second-generation Odyssey. Note that later generation Odysseys have put cupholders on the doors, which reduces this dimension. That means you could fit something 6 inches wider than a Queen-sized mattress where the 2nd-row seats would normally be. The narrowest width dimension is 4 feet (48 inches) between the wheel wellsīut an often-overlooked dimension is the full 65 inches between the sliding doors! Side-to-side gives you 48 inches between the wheel wells. I have the seat forward for the photo, but it doesn’t need to be ALL the way forward for this.įront-to-back you have a full 8 feet. From the rear hatch to the back of the front seats can give a full 8 feet (96 inches). It is now true of most minivans, including the Toyota Sienna and the Dodge Caravan. The Honda Odyssey was one of the first minivans to swallow a 4×8 sheet of plywood and the basic dimensions from front to back and side to side, demonstrate that this is true. That’s OK with me because it removes 80 lbs from the vehicle and gives better ground clearance. Note that in the 04′ Odyssey, the seats do not fold into the floor. All seats in place and upright gives you 7 passenger seating Fold the rear seat into the floor for a 48 inch square box-shaped space Take out one of the seats and there is room to put a cot from front to back (but my 30″ wide cot would need to be at a slight angle) Both middle row seats removed–now we are talking! Let’s get some dimensions. But, in the 2004, the floor is “fairly” flat.įirst, let’s establish a frame of reference by looking in the back of my 04′ Honda Odyssey and the different ways you can configure the seats. Note that the 5th generation (2018-2021) has a different arrangement for the 2nd-row seats which incorporates brackets that sit over the floor. The 04′ has 65 inches between the sliding doors, which is similar to my 4th generation 2013 Honda Odyssey and the 3rd gen 2009 that I used to own. I’m not here to convince you that the Honda Odyssey is the perfect minivan for camping, as I’ve already made that argument elsewhere □ But if you are already considering the Odyssey, these dimensions should help you plan your conversion.ĭimensions are similar in all Odysseys, but these are from my 2nd generation 2004 model. ![]() If you are thinking of using a Honda Odyssey as a campervan, or are planning a more permanent build-up for van-dwelling, it’s useful to have these interior dimensions. ![]() ![]() ![]() iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 6ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 5ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 4ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 3ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 2ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. iPhone Purple Aesthetic Wallpaper: Design No 1ĭownload your wallpaper HERE. Please note: do not save the images displayed here, the correct image size is provided and linked on top of the image and available as an individual PNG file download.Įnjoy the aesthetic purple background on your phone and choose your favorite pretty purple wallpaper.
![]() Only consenting adults are authorized beyond this page. WARNING The following website, including all webpages, links, images and videos, display sexually explicit material. But ATP makes her shaved pussy so wet - and his BBC so hard - that she finger-fucks herself to orgasm before his massive creampie pumps into and flows out of her asshole. He licks her shaved pussy and tongues her asshole, and then drives his cock into her from ATM. The slutty pornstar’s gagging POV blowjob drives his prick wild, but her other holes ache to be filled. She swallows his big black dick into her deep throat while masturbating. While she’s a woman who loves just about any big dick, the auburn-haired cougar is particularly voracious for BBC. She’s already hot to be back in PervCity, but she’s also super horny anticipating her interracial scene with Isiah Maxwell. MILF Syren De Mer’s nipples poke through her black mesh bra. When he can take no more, he cums on her ass cheeks, exploding all over them, and Violet twerks her fat ass, showing off that hard-earned cum. He soon takes Violet doggy style, playing with her massive ass as it bounces on his cock. After ramming his cock inside Violet, she decides to give Stefano a slippery footjob in between him taking time to worship her feet with his mouth and tickle them. ![]() Though she loves the way he fucks, Violet soon sits on his face so he can lap on her clit, wanting him to “suffocate on” her pussy. After beating his face with her huge ass, getting a rim job in the process, Stefano fucks her standing, walks her to the couch while still inside her, then bounces her tiny body on his giant shaft. She spits on her ample cleavage, making her tits slippery like her pussy, and he titty fucks her to show her how he plans to fuck her. Violet wastes no time deepthroating and gagging on Stefano’s big dick, getting his cock sloppy for a tit job. Lovely Latina, Violet Myers, wows Michael Stefano with her hourglass figure, fat ass, and big tits in her stunning purple bikini. Michael tirelessly pounds Savannah's ass before cumming inside her mouth. She gives him a quick blowjob before letting him fuck her again in missionary and spoon. Savannah can't help but moan as Michael pounds her ass doggystyle. After making sure that the blonde hottie's bumhole is ready, Michael starts fucking her in the ass in reverse cowgirl. Not able to hold her lustful desire any longer, Savannah turns her ass towards Michael and lets him finger her tight asshole. She then drops on her knees and gives the lucky stud’s stiff cock a sloppy blowjob. The lustful bombshell with big tits and round ass shows off her alluring body to Michael to motivate him to give her the pleasure and satisfaction that she wants. Savannah Bond is a curvy submissive bombshell who loves to do everything she can to please her partner, Michael Stefano. Ramon tirelessly fucks Chanel in reverse cowgirl before dumping his cum into her mouth. Chanel tastes her anal juice by giving Ramon another blowjob before letting him fuck her tight asshole again in spoon and doggystyle and making her orgasm over and over. Moans of pleasure fill the room when Ramon finally shoves his dick into Chanel's tight asshole. After making sure that the cock is wet with her spit, Chanel rides on top of Ramon like a real cowgirl. Chanel gags hard as she deepthroats the big dick. Not wanting to make Chanel wait anymore, Ramon whips out his big cock and lets the beautiful slut give his cock a footjob and blowjob. Chanel's innate lustfulness and excitement for her first anal drives her mind to the point of going crazy. The beautiful hottie’s naked body is enough to make Ramon Nomar hard and horny. Chanel teasingly strips out of her clothes to show her sexy pink bikini that perfectly matches her neon green fishnet stockings and clear high heels. The petite cutie can't help but exude an aura of cuteness while she shows off the alluring figure of her body in a tight white shirt and skimpy denim shorts. ![]() ![]() Chanel Camryn's presence is enough to brighten the room. ![]() ![]() ®/TMMark’s is a registered trademark of Mark’s Work Warehouse Ltd, used under licence. Visit Triangle Rewards: Sign Up & Earn Today for more information. Bonus CT Money collected from online orders will be applied to the member’s Triangle Rewards™ account within 5 weeks of the purchase date. The offered rate is exclusive of any bonus or promotional offers or redemption transactions. Not all items sold at Canadian Tire earn CT Money. Any bonus multiplier is based on the base rate of collecting CT Money. You cannot collect paper Canadian Tire Money on bonus offers. † In the form of electronic Canadian Tire Money® (CT Money®). Examples of borrowing costs (rounded to the nearest cent) assuming that all charges are purchases bearing interest at the regular annual rate of 20.99%, a 30 day month, no charges made on special payment plans and no other fees, additional payments or other changes are: The Triangle Mastercard and the Triangle World Elite Mastercard do not have an annual fee. The billing period covered by each statement can be from 28-33 days. For residents of Quebec, the period between the statement date and the due date for payment is 26 days. The minimum payment is the sum of (a) the greater of: (i) interest and fees shown on your statement + $10 or (ii) 5% of the New Balance, excluding amounts on special payment plans, (b) any balance over your credit limit, (c) any amounts past due not included in (b) above, and (d) the amount of any equal payments plan instalments then due. Some applicants may receive a higher or lower regular annual rate depending on a credit evaluation. Offer subject to change without notice.Īdditional information for residents of Quebec only: The regular annual rate for persons applying for the Triangle Mastercard and the Triangle World Elite Mastercard is 22.99% for cash transactions and related fees and 20.99% for all other charges. ![]() Any unpaid portion not received by the due date will no longer form part of the equal payments plan and interest will accrue on that amount from the day after the date of your next statement at the applicable regular annual rate. Each month during an equal payments plan you are required to pay in full by the due date that month’s equal payments plan instalment. There is no administration fee charged for entering into a special payments plan. However, if we do not receive the full minimum due on a statement within 59 days of the date of that statement, or any event of default (other than a payment default) occurs under your Cardmember Agreement, all special payment plans on your account will terminate and (i) you will then be charged interest on the balances outstanding on such plans at the applicable regular annual rate from the day after the date of your next statement, and (ii) the balances outstanding will form part of the balance due on that statement. Interest does not accrue during the period of the plan. ![]() Dealers may sell for less.įinancing available is “Equal payments, no interest” for 24 months (unless otherwise stated) and is only available on request, on approved credit and on purchases of $150 (unless otherwise stated) or more (Gift Cards excluded) made with your Triangle credit card at Canadian Tire, Sport Chek, Mark’s, L’Équipeur, Atmosphere, Sports Rousseau, Hockey Experts, L’Entrepôt du Hockey and participating Sports Experts. **Online prices and sale effective dates may differ from those in-store and may vary by region. ±Was price reflects the last national regular price this product was sold for. The tire producer / manufacturer and Canadian Tire uses this fee to pay for the collection, transportation, and processing of used tires.ĬANADIAN TIRE® and the CANADIAN TIRE Triangle Design are registered trade-marks of Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited. △The tire producer / manufacturer of the tires you are buying, and Canadian Tire is responsible for the recycling fee that is included in your invoice. ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |